Headache 42:575–581īrauer LH, Buican B, de Wit H (1994) Effects of caffeine deprivation on taste and mood. Drug Alcohol Depend 66:1–6īigal ME, Sheftell FD, Rapoport AM, Tepper SJ, Lipton RB (2002) Chronic daily headache: identification of factors associated with induction and transformation. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 37:858–865īernstein GA, Carroll ME, Thuras PD, Cosgrove KP, Roth ME (2002) Caffeine dependence in teenagers. Food Chem Toxicol 34:119–129īernstein GA, Carroll ME, Dean NW, Crosby RD, Perwien AR, Benowitz NL (1998) Caffeine withdrawal in normal school-age children. Br J Clin Pharmacol 15:701–706īarone JJ, Roberts HR (1996) Caffeine consumption. American Psychiatric Association, Washington (text revision)Īmmon HP, Bieck PR, Mandalaz D, Verspohl EJ (1983) Adaptation of blood pressure to continuous heavy coffee drinking in young volunteers: a double-blind crossover study.
#Caffeine headache and nausea manual#
American Psychiatric Association, WashingtonĪmerican Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn.
American Psychiatric Association, Washington (revised)Īmerican Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. Neuropsychopharmacology 28:1694–1702Īmerican Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd edn. Hawaii Med J 52:190–191 (see also page 194)Īlsene K, Deckert J, Sand P, de Wit H (2003) Association between A2a receptor gene polymorphisms and caffeine-induced anxiety. The caffeine-withdrawal syndrome has been well characterized and there is sufficient empirical evidence to warrant inclusion of caffeine withdrawal as a disorder in the DSM and revision of diagnostic criteria in the ICD.Īdams D, Ditzler T, Haning WF (1993) Primary caffeine dependence: a case report. Research is reviewed indicating that expectancies are not a prime determinant of caffeine withdrawal and that avoidance of withdrawal symptoms plays a central role in habitual caffeine consumption. In general, the incidence or severity of symptoms increased with increases in daily dose abstinence from doses as low as 100 mg/day produced symptoms. Typically, onset of symptoms occurred 12–24 h after abstinence, with peak intensity at 20–51 h, and for a duration of 2–9 days.
In experimental studies, the incidence of headache was 50% and the incidence of clinically significant distress or functional impairment was 13%. In addition, flu-like symptoms, nausea/vomiting, and muscle pain/stiffness were judged likely to represent valid symptom categories. Of 49 symptom categories identified, the following 10 fulfilled validity criteria: headache, fatigue, decreased energy/activeness, decreased alertness, drowsiness, decreased contentedness, depressed mood, difficulty concentrating, irritability, and foggy/not clearheaded. The methodological features of each study were examined to assess the validity of the effects.
MethodsĪ literature search identified 57 experimental and 9 survey studies on caffeine withdrawal that met inclusion criteria.
The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review and analysis of the literature regarding human caffeine withdrawal to empirically validate specific symptoms and signs, and to appraise important features of the syndrome. Although reports of caffeine withdrawal in the medical literature date back more than 170 years, the most rigorous experimental investigations of the phenomenon have been conducted only recently.
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